The Intersection of ADHD and Sensory Processing Disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) are two neurodevelopmental conditions that often co-occur. The two conditions have different characteristics and diagnostic criteria, but cause similar behavioral reactions. Their interplay can amplify the effects of one or both, and complicate the lives of children experiencing them. Here, we explore the intersection of ADHD and SPD, how they affect individuals, and strategies for managing these coexisting conditions.

What’s ADHD and SPD? How are they different?

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. (We’ve previously looked at some facts and fictions surrounding ADHD.) ADHD often manifests in childhood and persists into adulthood, affecting various aspects of life including school, work, and relationships.

Sensory Processing Disorder, on the other hand, occurs when the brain doesn’t correctly interpret input from the body’s senses. Kids with SPD may be either hypersensitive or hyposensitive to sensory input. As you might be able to guess, hypersensitive kids get overwhelmed easily by sensory input. As a result, they may be averse to strong sensory stimulation. Common sensory sensitivities include sensitivity to light, sound, touch, taste, and smell.

Hyposensitive kids, on the other hand, have difficulty recognizing when their body is receiving sensory information. They may crave extra stimulation or struggle with skills like coordination, balance, and body regulation.

child with sensory toys
Children experiencing the intersection of ADHD and sensory processing disorder may be either hyper- or hypo-sensitive to external stimuli, or may crave different things at different times. Weighted sensory toys, like Manimo Weighted Animals, provide reassuring pressure that signals to over-alert sensory systems to calm down, and can help release children from a cycle of sensory overload.

The Intersection of ADHD and SPD

Children with ADHD tend to be over-responsive to simulation, placing them in the hypersensitive category. They can be quickly triggered by irritating sensations, sounds, or smells. They may find their attention worsened by their sensitivity to stimulation. Small changes imperceptible to their teachers and adults may be huge distractions for them. This combined effects can then lead to emotional dysregulation. Individuals with ADHD already struggle with impulsive emotional responses. Combined with SPD, moments of sensory overload can become distressing and lead to emotional outbursts.

However, children with ADHD may also have hyposensitivity. This can look like poor coordination, unawareness of what’s going on around them, and even a higher threshold for pain.

Sensory tools like weighted blankets can help soothe a child’s over-active sensory system and provide the grounding needed to help them focus on tasks like homework.

The combination of ADHD and SPD can have a significant impact on daily functioning. Tasks that require attention, organization, and sensory regulation can become even more challenging, creating obstacles in school, work, and daily life. When ADHD and SPD coexist, individuals may experience challenges in social interactions, self-esteem, and overall quality of life. These difficulties can lead to feelings of frustration, isolation, and a sense of being misunderstood.

Managing Where ADHD and SPD Meet

Managing ADHD and SPD requires a holistic approach that takes into account the unique needs and challenges of the individual. An accurate diagnosis is the first step. If your child is exhibiting symptoms of distress, consider seeking a professional assessment that includes concurrent ADHD and SPD.

An important way to help children cope with overstimulation and dysregulation is to talk with them. How Was Your Day? Conversation Cards pair conversation prompts with colorful, engaging pictures to help children process their time at school and identify how different situations made them feel.

For children with coexisting ADHD and SPD, interventions like sensory integration therapy may help. This therapy exposes children to different types of stimulations at varying levels of intensity over a span of time, which helps them respond more effectively to their environment. Behavioral interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can also help a child become more aware of their body’s responses and the behaviors that different stimulations elicit. This awareness, in turn, can help address emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and social skills development.

For caregivers who want to help their children at home, some small environmental modifications can create an environment for your child that is conducive to managing sensory sensitivities. This include using noise-canceling headphones, adjusting lighting, or providing sensory-friendly workspaces. You may also want to establish consistent routine and structure to help your child manage their daily lives more effectively. Predictable schedules can reduce anxiety and improve attention.

Lastly, work with your child to develop and practice coping strategies and self-regulation techniques that help them manage overwhelming sensory experiences and impulsivity. Provide opportunities for them to talk to you, even if they don’t always take you up on them. Remind your child that they aren’t alone and can come to you when they are struggling or overwhelmed.

Sensory Tent
Caregivers who want to help their children manage sensory overload at home can help set up sensory-free or low-stimuli spaces in their home. The Pop Up Sensory Den by Bouncyband is a self-contained sensory-free room designed to provide a quiet, dark cool down spot for children to relax and have time to regulate their sensory systems.

The intersection of ADHD and Sensory Processing Disorder is a complex and challenging issue for both children who experience these conditions and their caregivers. Understanding the ways in which these conditions interact is important for effective management. It is most important to remember that every child is unique, and a tailored approach is essential for best outcomes.

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